The present report is a study made for the Swedish Defence Commission. It aims to describe Russian military capability in a ten-year perspective and constitutes a follow-up study of a report published in 1998. Its point of departure is that Russian military capability is a reflection of the Russian society. Therefore, sectors which have been considered to influence military capability have been examined (e.g. democratic development, domestic and foreign policy, civil-military relations, the economy, the armed forces, development of security policy-related doctrines, the Russian view on the character future wars, military R&D and military industry). The last chapter consists of conclusions drawn from the previous chapters and outlines two examples of future development. The role of the Russian Security Council, military reform, WMD and the second war in Chechnya and how these factors influence Russian military capability are also examined. A weakened democratic development together with centralisation and a growing influence for the security organs give reason for concern. A partial remilitarization of society has also occurred. The economy has recovered at least temporarily - something that has resulted in a substantial increase of the defence budget. However, this does not signify a rapid improvement of Russian military capability. The armed forces will in the immediate future have to tackle both equipment and personnel problems. The number of people in arms will continue to decrease. The second war in Chechnya has resulted in an improved operational capability, but not beyond the CIS. The armed forces are undergoing reform, albeit slowly. Military R&D and military industry are experiencing severe difficulties. However, arms export has been more successful than expected. Russian conventional military capability will increase in a ten-year perspective. Still, this development is not considered to pose a threat to Swedish security. Russian WMD capability will remain substantial and particularly nuclear weapons will continue to play a prominent role in Russian militarv thinking.