IED-Logistics report, June 2011

Authors:

  • Johan Öhgren
  • Sören Jägerhök
  • Cesar Lopes

Publish date: 2011-09-12

Report number: FOI-R--3223--SE

Pages: 46

Written in: English

Keywords:

  • improvised explosive devices
  • IED detection
  • mobile detector
  • hyperspectral imaging Raman spectroscopy
  • UV laser
  • laser safety standards
  • maximum permissible exposure
  • MPE

Abstract

Improvised explosive devices, IEDs, are a common threat to the civilian society and military operations and there is a need to detect and identify such explosive charges in real environments. One way is to find and attack the network behind the production, handling and placement of the charges. The handling of explosive material often leaves trace particles behind and the aim in this project is to further develop a sensor system for finding these trace particles. The system will be based on hyperspectral imaging Raman spectroscopy, utilising a UV laser; it will be mobile and suitable for field applications. The use of laser to scan the surfaces raises the question on laser safety aspects and we have investigated the medical effect from UV radiation on eyes and skin in the first part of this report. A central exposure limit is the maximum permissible exposure (MPE). The bulk part of this report analyses different configurations of the laser and, considering MPE, determines the maximum allowed pulse energy densities (PEDs), exposure times and accumulated energy densities (PTAEDs). Our configurations differ by wavelength (355 or 266 nm), pulse length (30 ps or 5 ns) and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) (10 Hz or 10 kHz; 1 kHz has been considered to a smaller extent). The results are presented in diagrams, showing the relation between PED, exposure time and PTAED. The PTAED is stated for the time interval 0-100 s (typical value for a field measurement) and for the maximum allowed exposure time. The maximum allowed PED ranges from 0.9 J/m2 for 30-ps pulses to 47 J/m2 in some cases for 5-ns pulses. The PTAED that can be achieved after an exposure time of 100 s is much higher with 355 nm than with 266 nm; in fact it changes from 30 J/m2 to 10,000 J/m2. In most cases a lower PED, shorter pulses and longer wavelengths will allow for a higher PRF and a longer exposure time. Advantages and disadvantages of running the laser at the maximum allowed PED are discussed. If the radiation exposure approaches MPE, further exposure should be avoided at least 16 hours. The exposure should, however, always be kept as low as possible. Finally we discuss considerations to be made when designing the shape of the laser beam and the beam path, including beam divergence, scattering, reflections and risk of irradiation at or around the examined object. There are also considerations to be made about tactical use and irradiation method.