The wave of uprisings that swept North Africa and the Middle East at the end of 2010 changed the international and regional landscape. This report looks at the responses of the European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU) to the popular revolts in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. The study highlights some of the key issues raised in the contemporary literature and in interviews. How, if at all, have relations between the two organisations and the three North African countries changed? Which instruments did the EU and the AU use, and were these tools appropriate? The analysis considers whether there are any lessons to be drawn for the two organisations in their future relations with Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, and with regard to their ability to respond to political challenges similar to those that arose in North Africa. The study concludes with a list of recommendations for the EU and the AU on how to fine-tune their policies and programmes.