Ricochet Tests of Small Arms Ammunition

Authors:

  • Sofia Hedenstierna
  • Bo Johansson Gilljam
  • Melker Skoglund
  • Urban Widing
  • Patrik Appelgren
  • Roger Berglund
  • Sten Andreasson
  • Tobias Carlberg

Publish date: 2014-04-10

Report number: FOI-R--3867--SE

Pages: 101

Written in: Swedish

Keywords:

  • Weapon danger areas
  • WDA
  • Ricochet
  • Small calibre projectiles

Abstract

The weapon danger area (WDA) used by the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) is constructed based on the error budget (including aiming errors and weapon system errors) and the risk of a ricochet. The WDA used today was designed when the SAF used different combinations of weapons and ammunitions than today. Since the year of 2000 the SAF uses a lead free double steel core bullet in calibre 5,56x45 mm, which could have an effect on the ricochet behaviour and consequently the size of the ricochet danger area. The ricochet behaviour of the most commonly used projectiles of calibre 5,56x45 mm and 7.62x51 mm has been studied at the ricochet point, using a high speed video and witness screens, as well as along the ballistic trajectory using a Doppler radar to calculate the drag. To represent the different risk cases that are mentioned in the SAF safety instruction books based on different terrains, ricochet tests were performed on both soft targets e.g. sand and hard targets e.g. armour plate. The test were performed at the ranges 50 m, 100 m and 200 m and the impact angles ranging from 1° up to 30° depending on the target ammunition combination. The main impact angle studied for all materials and ammunition types was 5°. The results were analysed regarding ricochet velocity, ricochet angles, the ricochet trajectory including the drag, and the probability of projectile fragmentation. The results were collected in a database structured to enable the study of different combinations of projectile/target material/angle-combinations. The purpose of the database is to provide a set of empirical data tables for future analysis of impact points (foot prints) and extrapolation to angles and velocities not included in the trials. The results showed that the projectile material and design were important factors on the length of the ricochet trajectory. The trajectory length also depended considerably on the target material and the impact angle. The longest ricochet range for the 5,56x45- calibre projectiles was seen for a lead free projectile at 5° impact on sand. Generally the lead free projectiles had a longer ricochet trajectory than the lead core projectiles for the corresponding impact properties, probably due to the differences in deformation at impact. The longest ricochet trajectories were seen for soft target materials of sand. Of the ammunition types tested and that are used by the SAF today, no projectile was found to go beyond the WDA, although some of them, e.g. 7,62/10B, were close to exceed the maximum accepted range. For the 5,56x45 calibre, one shot of the projectile 5,56/Mk2, which is the next generation of lead free projectiles from Nammo, exceeded the WDA in length. Regarding the ricochet risk to the sides, the model presented in the report predicted that several of the 5,56x45 projectiles had fragments that would go outside of the current WDA.