Radar satellites - An overview 2015
Publish date: 2017-03-29
Report number: FOI-R--4313--SE
Pages: 91
Written in: Swedish
Keywords:
- survey of the field
- history
- military
- civil
- radar satellite
- SAR
- synthetic aperture radar
Abstract
Satellites with a payload consisting of an imaging radar have become an important tool in addition to optical instruments for military intelligence as well as for various applications in remote sensing. With its own illuminator on board operating at given frequency bands of the electromagnetic spectrum radar satellites give a 24/7 capability, i.e. can provide images of the ground day or night and independently of weather conditions. At a few occasions, though, the performance can be reduced due to prevailing electric activities in the ionosphere for low radar frequencies or heavy tropical-like rain clouds for higher frequencies. Almost all radar satellites utilize the principle of synthetic aperture radar (SAR). A prerequisite for this is that the system is coherent, i.e. can register radar samples with amplitude and phase. Data are collected along a certain satellite path (the synthetic aperture) and this volume is then processed to form an image. The phase information (Doppler signal) enable the high resolution in azimuth (along-track), where different objects at the same distance within the main illumination lobe can be separated and each associated intensity (pixel value) is positioned in azimuth at the point where the satellite is closest (zero Doppler) when passing by. The azimuth resolution in SAR can be made independent of range in case critical system parameters like output power are adopted according to the planned imaging geometries. Range resolution (across-track) in radar is defined by the bandwidth of the transmitted signal. In case the resolution figures given should refer to ground range a variable projection factor will reduce the resolution somewhat compared to the equidistant range bins found in the imaging plane, i.e. slant range. Until the millennium available civilian SAR satellites could provide image resolutions around 20 m at the best. For many military applications this is insufficient and hence it was not very often considered as an available image source in terms of dual use. During the last ten years the number of civilian SAR-satellites in orbit has increased and the best resolution figures that can be offered is one or a few metres. For some of the radar bands this means that the used signal bandwidths are coming close to the maximum figures internationally agreed on with respect to frequency allocation for radar imaging services with a spaceborne payload. New countries are planning to enter this segment within the next ten years, besides upcoming launches to replace and upgrade already existing SAR satellite programs. Fully polarimetric imaging as well as new registration geometries like interferometry are examples of capabilities offered by an increasing number of satellite operators. The report gives an overview of civil and military SAR satellites, presented in three main sections. In the first part a short summary is given of systems no longer in operation. This is followed by a presentation of satellites in operation today and finally ongoing SAR programs with an objective to be in orbit the next ten years are listed. Procedures to order archived SAR-data or request new acquisitions are also given.